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1954–, Venezuelan political leader, president of Venezuela (1999–). Educated
at the Military Academy of Venezuela (grad. 1975), for two decades he was a
career army officer, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1992, Chávez
took part in an unsuccessful coup attempt against President Carlos Andrés Pérez and was imprisoned until 1994. A charismatic
populist, he became the leader of the leftist Patriotic Pole alliance. Promising
a peaceful social revolution, Chávez was elected president in a 1998 landslide.
In office he ended the privatization of Venezuela's state holdings, put himself
in control of economic matters, and cut oil production to raise oil prices. A
constituent assembly mainly made up of his supporters wrote a new constitution
that granted the president increased powers and a longer possible term of office
and weakened the legislature and judiciary. Chávez's popularity with the
country's poor increased as he took measures against rampant corruption,
criticized the traditional oligarchy, and made more funds available for social
programs. He also attacked his critics in business and the media and expanded
the role of the military; closer ties were established with Middle Eastern
oil-producing nations and Cuba.
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